Social Psychology And Multiculturalism - 1714 Words

Introduction Psychology has become an integrated part of our real life. Psychology affects life under different theories and identifications. For example, social psychology and multiculturalism work together to create the social change people aspire to. However, social psychology, according to Jahoda (2016), cannot explain the link between the social behavior and the social norms of the society and culture. Hence, social psychology could be a challenge when a person tries other cultures. Furthermore, there are ethical-related issues with theories of psychology that aim at creating positive social change wrapped by multiculturalism. Being an international student in a different country, I see multiculturalism a very evolving term in social†¦show more content†¦Cognitive Psychology focuses on cognitive aids psychologists use to deal with any issue. It investigates all aspects of cognition-memory, thinking, reasoning, language, decision making, and so on (Baron Kalsher, 2008 p. 11). To solve a problem using the cognitive aspect, psychologists need to explore peoples attitudes, beliefs, thoughts, perceptions, and storing and recalling information at certain times. For example, as a social worker, I have different needy people to process their papers and help them with monthly benefits; therefore, I have to make a judgment about them based on the information sent to the brain to process. Cognitive Psychology includes cognitive dissonance theory, which creates harmony among people. More importantly, when people are under a dissonance behavior, they behave differently. The function of Cognitive Psychology is reducing ones inner psychological pain through investigating elements of discomfort. For instance, cognitive mapping helps to create a scenario of what the brain is processing reflected by peoples life. When people interact and affect each other, they work within Social Psychology. For example, if a problem arises in a certain organization, a team works together to get a comprehensive understanding of the problem. Social Psychology studies our attitudes, interpersonal relationships and intergroup interaction. Bandura (2006) explained that there is anShow MoreRelatedSocial Psychology And Multiculturalism1644 Words   |  7 Pages Psychology has become an integrated part of our real life. Psychology affects life under different theories and identifications. For example, social psychology and multiculturalism work together to create the social change people aspire to. However, social psychology, according to Jahoda (2016), cannot explain the link between the social behavior and the social norms of the society and culture. Hence, social psychology could be a challenge when a person tries other cultures. Furthermore, there areRead MoreWhat I Believe Cultural Competence1344 Words   |à ‚  6 Pagesto acknowledge other cultural differences, which intern leaves us to project and compare our perception of ourselves to others. Furthermore, this is why I believe cultural competence in psychology has the knowledge and skills to make a decision in someone else’s cultural context. Cultural competence in psychology has the knowledge and expertise to make a decision in someone else’s cultural context. I’m a future provider of appropriate psychological services, which is why I found these readings entirelyRead MoreMulticultural Competence Of School Psychologists1031 Words   |  5 PagesMulticultural Competence of School Psychologists For more than two decades, school psychology has known about the necessity for, and importance of, developing multicultural competence (Fouad Arrendondo, 2007). From research, ethics, and practice standards, school psychologists and other school personnel have been aware that an effective school professional is multiculturally competent and able to make sense of students’ sociocultural, socioracial, and sociopolitical backgrounds thatRead MoreThe Our Lady Of Lake Community Counseling Center1545 Words   |  7 PagesService, n.d.). In essence, CSS is a remarkable agency whose purpose is to provide solution based counselling services to everyone, but their target demographic is the West Side of San Antonio, where the mainly deal with people from middle to lower social economical class. CSS goal is to help the community, which is why the clinic does not charge people more than what they can afford and will work with clients on payments. Application of Psychological Theories The most common theory I saw at the clinicRead More Multicultural Educational System Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagesstress the value of diversity and avoid portraying one culture or group as superior to others. A multicultural educational system would not only educate the students in a classroom, but also enrich the teacher and society. The definition of multiculturalism is education that focuses on providing equal opportunity for students who’s cultural or language patterns make it difficult for them to succeed in traditional programs. (Oxford) Some discuss multicultural education as a shift in curriculumRead MoreMulticulturalism in America: A Modern Day Interpretation1610 Words   |  6 PagesMulticulturalism in America: A Modern Day Interpretation In America, people are born and raised to believe that this country was founded on human rights such as life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. In reality these rights were not always accessible for minorities in United States. Minorities in America have had to overcome obstacles including being treated as second class citizens. Multiculturalism has existed alongside the history of America ever since the setters migrated to the new worldRead MoreMulticultural Psychology Paper1094 Words   |  5 PagesMulticultural Psychology Paper Multicultural Psychology Paper Multicultural psychology is the systematic study of all aspects of human behavior as it occurs in settings where people of different cultural backgrounds encounter each other. Multiculturalism has been considered a fourth force in the field of psychology, supplementing behaviorism, psychodynamic theories, and humanistic psychology. It explores such topics as differences in worldviews and in means of communication; the acculturationRead MoreSchool Safety And The Environment819 Words   |  4 PagesAs the climate in schools continues to change, parents and educators are concerned with school safety and the environment. The role of the school counselor is to help students develop positive social skills and to ensure students have access to academic and social activities regardless of their age, gender, sexual orientation, race, socioeconomic status and religion. Schools in American are made up of children of color and many of them face inequality because of old institutional practice s thatRead MoreIntercultural Communication : A Discourse Approach1225 Words   |  5 Pageshas drawn attention to the cultural significance of social practices, as well as to intercultural communication and its symbolic element. Symbolic dimensions in intercultural communications are essential especially in places in the world with inequalities among discourses. According to the chapter symbolic competence has three dimensions ‘symbolic representation, symbolic action, and symbolic power’. In the chapter Towards post-multiculturalism? Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversityRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Paper850 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual attitudes, group dynamics, and relationships between managers and workers Robbins, S. Judge, T. (2009). The organizational behavior is an interdisciplinary body of knowledge with strong ties to behavioral science, psychology, sociology, and anthropology as well social science such economics and politics. The use of scientific methods in the organizational behavior uses methods to develop and test overviews about behavior in organizations. In the scientific methods often propose models

Exploration of Romanticism in Poetry Essay - 967 Words

Exploration of Romanticism in Poetry The poems I will be describing date back to the Romanticism period of time. The word romanticism originally originates from the Romans. This era started in 1780AD. Previous to this period of time, there was an era of science and fact. This was known as the era of enlightenment. This is the purpose of the romantic era, which still exists today. It was to acquire an escape from the science and realistic way of life. There are many different well known poets of this era. For example there is John Keats, William Blake, William Wordsworth and many more. These poets all had romanticism exposed in a variety of ways. As well as the traditional sense of love, there are†¦show more content†¦The tigers power is fatally dangerous and here the poet is saying that God has created such a powerful beast and to represent his power, the tiger may be another form of God. Transcendence is represented by wings. The wings symbolise the uplifting that God can generate. The poet goes on to anoth er romantic aspect. This aspect being cosmic. When the stars threw down their spears and waterd heaven with their tears he mentions stars with spears which is a form of personification, which draws a picture of stars shining brightly, almost as if they are throwing down the rays of light. there is also a comparison with tears and heavens. This is an affective compassion because heaven is usually associated with pure souls and is also a religious aspect, however is said to be waterd by tears. This seems to be affective to the reader as although the poet is talking about tears, it still feels tranquil. The poem concludes with a repetition which is another reference to God and religion, and also a reference to the tigers beauty. The second poem that I will analyse is called So Well Go No More A - Roving by George Byron. George Byron was also well known as Lord Byron. Lord Byron was born in 1788 and died in the year 1824. This poem describes a special bond between a couple in love. It is all about affection and ones love for another. The title means that they have to stop andShow MoreRelatedThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1651 Words   |  7 PagesMason Eggers Mrs. Szwajkowski Junior English 200 24 March 2016 Romanticism/Transcendentalism Essay Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† and William Cullen Bryant’s â€Å"Thanatopsis† illustrate several Romantic and Transcendentalist (and anti-Transcendentalist) traits. All of these authors are regarded as very important and influential Romantic writers. Their works are renowned all across the entire world. â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†Read MoreThe Age Of Manufacturing That Preceded The Romantic Movement1387 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Keats and â€Å"Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey† by William Wordsworth are both comparable and representative of the Romantic Movement. They have separate techniques and application, but are both recognized as significant works of Romanticism. The themes in both poems emphasize nature, emotion, and the capacity for wonder and imagination, which reiterate the sentiments of the era. With the rising of the Industrial Revolution, it is no wonder that nature became increasingly treasuredRead MoreThe Nature of Emotions1244 Words   |  5 Pages1798 book Lyrical Ballads, whom he co-authored with Samuel Coleridge, William Wordsworth described poetry as a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings (Cooksey). Both Wordsworth and Coleridge were pioneers of the Romantic Movement which stressed the importance of expressing emotions, particularly through poetry. Nature was a key element for the Romantic movement. Romanticism encouraged exploration of feelings and many poets used nature as an inspiration for their thoughts. Another important aspectRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner878 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Ancient Mariner. This collection is widely recognized as the initiation of the shift towards modern poetry and British Romantic literature. Although the poem’s deliberate use of antiquated language differed from romantic poetry’s use of modern language of the time, it is still considered influential within the romanticism movement (Green). The poem’s influence in British Romanticism affected later authors and other works, including Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley. Samuel Taylor Coleridge wasRead MoreThe Importance Of The Romantic Period And Feeling Melancholy1486 Words   |  6 Pages The Importance of the Romantic Period and Feeling Melancholy Romanticism; it s definitely a term that resembles some sort of soft, rose-tinted obscurity to its mysterious meaning. According to the online version of the Merriam-Webster dictionary, romanticism can be defined as a movement â€Å"characterized chiefly by a reaction against neoclassicism and an emphasis on the imagination and emotions†¦ an exaltation of the primitive and the common man, an appreciation of externalRead MoreThe Renaissance And Romanticism During The 19th Century1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe Renaissance and Romanticism were periods of history in which literature changed the mindset of the people. The Renaissance occurred in Britain during the late fifteenth century to the early seventeenth century, and was a response to the Medieval Age. There was a spike in learning during the Renaissance, because of the invention of the printing press and the return of classical Greek and Roman literature. The Romantic period occurred during the late eighteenth century, a s a response to the EnlightenmentRead MoreGood Morning And Thankyou For Tuning Into The Poet s Voice1391 Words   |  6 Pagesyears. After his three year apprenticeship, Keats became a medical student at Guy’s hospital. With his study taking over, he was losing time to write. He had always had a passion for literature, so he made up his mind to increase the time spent on poetry, and his first poem was published in 1814. Although he received his Apothecary licence in 1816, he decided to follow the path of his inspiration, Lord Byron, and become a poet. Five months before his first book, â€Å"Poems†, was published, Keats wasRead More19th Century Changes for Europe and America1453 Words   |  6 Pagesconclusions as to why we as beings are here on this earth, what the meaning of life is, and what our purpose of living should be. It was because of these differences in thought and reason that creative movements were born. From Enlightenment to Romanticism, Realism to Symbolism, each had their own unique way of looking at life and meaning. These differences and similarities in style can be seen in their respective various forms of philosophy, as well as music and literature. The age of EnlightenmentRead MoreEmily Dickinson And Walt Whitman1719 Words   |  7 Pagesand their emotions into words that move the readers in some way. One of the most popular periods of writing would be the romanticism era. Some of the most well known authors in this time period were Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman. The reason they are so popular from the Romanticism period is because they also incorporated their transcendental ideas into their work. Romanticism has been described as a Protestantism in the arts and letters, an ideological shift on the grand scale from conservativeRead MoreThe Concept of the Individual in Literature of the Romantic Period1762 Words   |  8 Pagesbe examined. The Romantic period placed great importance on creativity, imagination and the value of the self, Wordsworth and Coleridge were particularly influential in Britain with regards to the burgeoning of the movement. The movement of romanticism and its concern with the importance of the individual was the antithesis of the philosophy of enlightenment and its concern with such views as held by the Empiricists. Their Philosophical beliefs were primarily concerned with a theory of knowledge

Marine Reptiles

Impact Of Technology On The Business Setting Essay

QUESTION 1: In the white paper several things are discussed from consumer technology in the business setting to bringing your own device to work. With allowing consumers to bring their own devices to work it must be determined what platforms (Android Vs. Apple) to support and how many of the models to support (i.e. Samsung Galaxy’s, Motorola Droids, etc.) With the mobile devices exploding in today’s society the workforce is now flooded with new application concepts on a daily basis. These are created not only for the employees themselves but current and future partners as well. These mobile-based applications help reel in work from the employees and entice partners. Cloud computing helps with this venture as well, and the accessibility of the cloud makes things more price friendly and time efficient. Cloud computing cuts down so much cost due to its ability to get up and running with close to no cash needed. Cloud has helped development in the work force improve overtim e and has given businesses the ability to scale projects over time. With the growth of the mobile enterprises companies are trying to figure out how to do business with the increasing complexity. Embracing the complexity however helps the businesses communicate with consumers, employees, partners, and other companies. Embracing this is more of a benefit then a negative. Embracing this age requires the company to determine how the platform will be built, used, and delivered. SAP has done so with their MobileShow MoreRelatedWeb 3.0 Overview1432 Words   |  6 Pages Business information systems Web 3.0 Overview The advent of technology influences the business community and the same is true about the new internet platform, the Web 3.0. Within the specific business context, the more notable application is revealed by the enhanced ability of the economic agents to better identify and target specific customer segments. In other words, Web 3.0 leads to an increased efficiency of the marketing processes. At the level of specific applications within the businessRead MoreWork Experience Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagesadopting a business-outcome-driven EA approach that strategically embraces emerging technologies. In consistently navigating successful engagements, demonstrated the following core competencies: †¢ Accountability – In clearly defining realistic expectations, taking appropriate actions to ensure goals are met or exceeded. †¢ Adaptability – In responding to consistently changing situations during engagements, adjusting approach and iteratively modifying standards as required. †¢ Business Acumen – InRead MoreThe Business Case for Technology Investments1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe business case for technology investments 1. The setting The modern day business environment is evolving at a rapid pace and the economic agents are forced to develop alongside, or risk the loss of their competitive position. The changes currently affecting the business community have their roots in a multitude of instances, including the increasing forces of globalization and market liberalization, the intensifying competition from both domestic as well as international players, the changingRead MoreThe Importance Of Creating Strategic Goals At Strategic Planning Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pagesentails the development of a project strategic, objectives, and corporate goals as well as the goals of the business (Bearce Tirone, 2010). A large proportion of the all the analysis done by people in strategic planning happens to be designed for purposes of helping the individuals to develop goals that are achievable as well as being in a position to reflect the realities of the business in different sectors including the environment. Therefore, as a result of it being complicated to set strategicRead MoreThe Impact Of Modern Technology On Us And Our Society Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of the Modern Technology on us and our society. Today it is hard to imagine what our lives would look like without the technology that surrounds us, it is even harder to imagine what our lives would be with the technological advancements that begun to take shape during the industrial revolution that, begun in England during the 18th century. The industrial revolution brought on many changes into humans everyday lives, allowing us as mankind to increasingly become smarter, faster andRead MoreWhy I Want to Be a Business Analysis678 Words   |  3 PagesSciences in a village in India, I undertook a study on the application of technology to bring about positive changes in the life of rural population. We worked to understand the problems which the villagers faced and then suggested solutions which leveraged the information technology. As a part of this study, I was surprised to see the widespread impact of the solutions we suggested to them. It was thrilling to see the impact of our suggestions within the scope of such a small-scale project. ThisRead MoreBusiness Impact Analysis Paper728 Words   |  3 Pagesdatabases support services that have an immediate, direct, and significant impact on revenue, goodwill, health and safety, and regulatory compliance. They require more attention than other systems. I will be discussing the following topics in this paper 1. Understand why implementing high availability for mission critical databases is so important to ITs success. 2. Learn why true availability relies on people, process, and technology. 3. Understand database methodology and approach to implementing highRead MoreChapter 51481 Words   |  6 Pages186 Part Two Information Technology Infrastructure I N T E R A C T I V E S E S S I O N : O R G A N I Z AT I O N S IS GREEN COMPUTING GOOD FOR BUSINESS? Computer rooms are becoming too hot to handle. Data-hungry tasks such as video on demand, downloading music, exchanging photos, and maintaining Web sites require more and more power-hungry machines. Power and cooling costs for data centers have skyrocketed by more than 800 percent since 1996, with U.S. enterprise data centers predicted toRead MoreWhy Multinational Corporations Are Beneficial For Developing Countries1530 Words   |  7 PagesIdentify the positive and negative impacts of multinational companies on less developed countries. The appearance of multinational corporations as a global power and the implications of setting up them in less developed countries was strongly supported by the new rules of world which called economic liberalism and globalization. They became a national phenomenon a post-world war II and widespread when the United States enacted the structure of world regulation for political, economic and militaryRead MoreImpact Of Technology On The Workplace1392 Words   |  6 PagesWith the expansion of technology in the workplace, face-to-face interaction has decreased and the workplace is transforming. Meetings that once took up to two hours now take 45 minutes with the arrival of technology. One must not forget that there are certain situations in which one cannot rely on technology, if one intends to transmit an effective message. Whether it is a client or an employee there will be occasions in which face-to-face meetings are necessary in order to be successful at managing

Discuss the view that the Civil Service has too much influence over policy Free Essays

The Civil service is the administrative branch of the UK government, set with dealing with the everyday running of the country, rather than a ministerial role, which focus on only some areas. It is they that carry out the more mundane roles, although some Civil Servants do have more exciting life styles with jobs such as testing weaponry that is to be bought by the Ministry of Defence. The Civil Service is to advise ministers on the decisions that need to be made, to brief ministers on the issues involved and to present options to make the minister’s decision making easier. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the view that the Civil Service has too much influence over policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now At no stage though should Civil Servants be responsible for decision making. There is a clear dividing line between the decision-making role of the minister and the supporting role of the Civil Servant. as Margaret Thatcher put it ‘Civil Servants advise; ministers decide’. Servants are not elected and because of this they should not have the power to make decisions. Decision making is the responsibility of the politicians and it is they who should take responsibility for the success or failures of departmental policy and they should not be held accountable for their advice or for departmental policy. In the case of policy errors or mistakes in implementation it is the minister who has to resign, not the Civil Servant – the Civil Servant should not be held responsible because they have no role in decision making. This can be seen through the resignation In April 2004 of Beverly Hughes. She forced to resign as minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Counter Terrorism when it was shown that she had been informed of procedural improprieties concerning the granting of visas to certain categories of workers from Eastern Europe. While this cannot wholly be seen as their fault, it was they, not the civil servants that advised them that had to resign over the events, due to the fact that they are responsible for the final decision. Ministers have a large workload and have limited time as is shown by the fact that the Core hours in the House of Commons are until 10pm on some evenings, and parliamentary debates sometimes continue into the night, with Ministers having added Committees to sit on and other government business to attend to, as a result, they rely heavily on their Civil Service advice and this puts the Civil Servants into a privileged and influential position. Any advisor should have some influence, if they don’t there is not much point in them being there. However, if ministers lack the time to check Civil Servants’ advice, the danger is that they will become a mouthpiece for Civil Service policies. Civil Servants also have the opportunity to ‘control’ the minister by restricting the supply of information to him or by presenting it in such a way as to limit his options, as was shown by the limited information given to Beverly Hughes. It would be wrong to suggest that this happens often, it remains true that the Civil Service has considerable power. This is deemed as the Minister having gone native and in October 2010, claims were made that Jeremy Hunt had â€Å"gone native†. Also, when Alan Johnson took position of the Home Secretary, he had relatively little experience in the policy of governing the UK and was therefore more reliant on the Civil Service than he may have chosen to be. Manipulation of information may occur. Ministers, such as Alan Johnson, rely on officials to supply them with background facts upon which to base decisions. Skilful officials may be able to present statistics and research findings in a way as to influence final conclusions There is evidence to suggest that the civil service has been politicised due to the increase of special advisers with too much power. It can be argued that Special Advisers can work effectively with civil servants, and it is a relationship of mutual benefit, not a matter of regret. The role of the UK Civil Service is to help the Government of the day develop and carry out their policies and administer the public services for which they are responsible. Ministers have to be able to trust civil servants to be discreet otherwise politicians may feel the need to surround themselves with political appointees whose main virtue is their loyalty to that politician rather than having ability to formulate good policy and then have it implemented. A special advisor can give more biased opinions and can be there to help the Minister, rather than the department, policy or government. Spin doctors such as Alistair Campbell had great influence over policy on the basis of how it would appear to the public, and this can be seen in particular over the time Blair spent talking to him, rather than to the Civil Service over plans for the Millennium. There is also evidence to suggest that individual departments to develop long term policies of their own. When a new minister of government comes to power, the department will seek to impose its own ‘culture’ upon them. The Treasury is most often suspected of such tactics, as it is notoriously opposed to increased public expenditure or any radical spending plans, caused by the fact that it has to keep the long term in mind, and the fact that a likely change in government will see most of the polices undone anyway, causing undue harm on the economy. If the senior Treasury officials can persuade each new Chancellor of the Exchequer of the virtues of keeping spending low, their influence automatically grows. An example of this was in 1999, when Chancellor Gordon Brown was resisting calls for extensive increases in spending on health and education, some critics suggested he had ‘gone native’, suggesting that Brown had been influenced by the Civil Servants, adopting their norm of behaviour and so losing his enthusiasm for spending. Overall, the Civil Service do have more power over policy than their supposed political neutrality should let them, but it is to be expected in the modern world of political advisors, and the competitive world which seeks public recognition. While the senior civil servants, due to the permanence and long serving nature do have a great deal of power, the average civil servant has less power, and is more reliant upon presentation of the facts in a favourable way then anything else, something which is true with Ministers and Government as a whole. How to cite Discuss the view that the Civil Service has too much influence over policy, Papers

Discuss the view that the Civil Service has too much influence over policy Free Essays

The Civil service is the administrative branch of the UK government, set with dealing with the everyday running of the country, rather than a ministerial role, which focus on only some areas. It is they that carry out the more mundane roles, although some Civil Servants do have more exciting life styles with jobs such as testing weaponry that is to be bought by the Ministry of Defence. The Civil Service is to advise ministers on the decisions that need to be made, to brief ministers on the issues involved and to present options to make the minister’s decision making easier. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the view that the Civil Service has too much influence over policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now At no stage though should Civil Servants be responsible for decision making. There is a clear dividing line between the decision-making role of the minister and the supporting role of the Civil Servant. as Margaret Thatcher put it ‘Civil Servants advise; ministers decide’. Servants are not elected and because of this they should not have the power to make decisions. Decision making is the responsibility of the politicians and it is they who should take responsibility for the success or failures of departmental policy and they should not be held accountable for their advice or for departmental policy. In the case of policy errors or mistakes in implementation it is the minister who has to resign, not the Civil Servant – the Civil Servant should not be held responsible because they have no role in decision making. This can be seen through the resignation In April 2004 of Beverly Hughes. She forced to resign as minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Counter Terrorism when it was shown that she had been informed of procedural improprieties concerning the granting of visas to certain categories of workers from Eastern Europe. While this cannot wholly be seen as their fault, it was they, not the civil servants that advised them that had to resign over the events, due to the fact that they are responsible for the final decision. Ministers have a large workload and have limited time as is shown by the fact that the Core hours in the House of Commons are until 10pm on some evenings, and parliamentary debates sometimes continue into the night, with Ministers having added Committees to sit on and other government business to attend to, as a result, they rely heavily on their Civil Service advice and this puts the Civil Servants into a privileged and influential position. Any advisor should have some influence, if they don’t there is not much point in them being there. However, if ministers lack the time to check Civil Servants’ advice, the danger is that they will become a mouthpiece for Civil Service policies. Civil Servants also have the opportunity to ‘control’ the minister by restricting the supply of information to him or by presenting it in such a way as to limit his options, as was shown by the limited information given to Beverly Hughes. It would be wrong to suggest that this happens often, it remains true that the Civil Service has considerable power. This is deemed as the Minister having gone native and in October 2010, claims were made that Jeremy Hunt had â€Å"gone native†. Also, when Alan Johnson took position of the Home Secretary, he had relatively little experience in the policy of governing the UK and was therefore more reliant on the Civil Service than he may have chosen to be. Manipulation of information may occur. Ministers, such as Alan Johnson, rely on officials to supply them with background facts upon which to base decisions. Skilful officials may be able to present statistics and research findings in a way as to influence final conclusions There is evidence to suggest that the civil service has been politicised due to the increase of special advisers with too much power. It can be argued that Special Advisers can work effectively with civil servants, and it is a relationship of mutual benefit, not a matter of regret. The role of the UK Civil Service is to help the Government of the day develop and carry out their policies and administer the public services for which they are responsible. Ministers have to be able to trust civil servants to be discreet otherwise politicians may feel the need to surround themselves with political appointees whose main virtue is their loyalty to that politician rather than having ability to formulate good policy and then have it implemented. A special advisor can give more biased opinions and can be there to help the Minister, rather than the department, policy or government. Spin doctors such as Alistair Campbell had great influence over policy on the basis of how it would appear to the public, and this can be seen in particular over the time Blair spent talking to him, rather than to the Civil Service over plans for the Millennium. There is also evidence to suggest that individual departments to develop long term policies of their own. When a new minister of government comes to power, the department will seek to impose its own ‘culture’ upon them. The Treasury is most often suspected of such tactics, as it is notoriously opposed to increased public expenditure or any radical spending plans, caused by the fact that it has to keep the long term in mind, and the fact that a likely change in government will see most of the polices undone anyway, causing undue harm on the economy. If the senior Treasury officials can persuade each new Chancellor of the Exchequer of the virtues of keeping spending low, their influence automatically grows. An example of this was in 1999, when Chancellor Gordon Brown was resisting calls for extensive increases in spending on health and education, some critics suggested he had ‘gone native’, suggesting that Brown had been influenced by the Civil Servants, adopting their norm of behaviour and so losing his enthusiasm for spending. Overall, the Civil Service do have more power over policy than their supposed political neutrality should let them, but it is to be expected in the modern world of political advisors, and the competitive world which seeks public recognition. While the senior civil servants, due to the permanence and long serving nature do have a great deal of power, the average civil servant has less power, and is more reliant upon presentation of the facts in a favourable way then anything else, something which is true with Ministers and Government as a whole. How to cite Discuss the view that the Civil Service has too much influence over policy, Papers

Microbiology Practice of Infectious Diseases

Question: A. Why can Bacillus anthracis be classified as both a BSL2 and BSL3 agent. B. What signs and symptoms are characteristic of respiratory anthrax? C. What key tests are used for the diagnosis of anthrax? D.What tests should a sentinel lab perform to rule out Bacillus anthracis? Answer: This part of the paper mainly discusses the primary reasons for the classification of Bacillus anthracis both BSL2 and BSL3 agent. Bacillus anthracis the agent of acute bacterial disease; anthrax is a large, non-motile, rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-hemolytic and aerobic bacterium that usually occurs in the form of chains and the presence of oxygen produces spores (Bennett et al., 2014). This bacterium is classified into BSL-2 and BSL-3 because BSL-2 are needed for the non-aerosol producing manipulators for the specimens that are clinical like acid-fast smears preparation. Whereas, BSL-3 are necessary for lab work during propagation and manipulation of any subspecies of M. tuberculosis. Respiratory anthrax occurs when anyone breathe in the spores of the Bacillus anthracis. The signs and symptoms are flu with a sore throat and painful swallowing, fever, breathing troubles, fatigue and muscle pains, chest disorder, vomiting, bleeding with coughing, and even meningitis which is the inflammation of the brain and spinal cord (Hendricks et al., 2014). The different tests for the diagnosis of anthrax are: Test of skin where fluid sample from the lesion on the skin and tested in the lab. Test of blood where a little amount of blood is taken from the patients body and checked in the lab. X-ray of chest and CT scan. Stool tests may also be done to verify the presence of the bacteria. Spinal tap test where a little amount of spinal fluid will be drawn to detect the presence of anthrax meningitis To rule out Bacillus anthracis in sentinel lab, a combination of both morphological assessments and Gram stains features and some simple tests need to be done in the sentinel lab. Like growing the bacteria colonies on blood culture as well as on blood agar. Even utilizing the Mass Spectrometry technology. References Bennett, J. E., Dolin, R., Blaser, M. J. (2014).Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hendricks, K. A., Wright, M. E., Shadomy, S. V., Bradley, J. S., Morrow, M. G., Pavia, A. T., ... Pesik, N. (2014). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults.Emerg Infect Dis,20(2), e130687.