Looking At The Roles Of Media Media Essay

Looking At The Roles Of Media Media Essay Media is described today as the fourth pillar of state, the more powerful is its media for its global impact as evident from BBC, CNN and magazines like Times and Newsweek. The Western media has tremendous impact in shaping opinions, popularizing western values and their whole life style in the world. Napoleon once said, Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets. The media, with specific reference to the collective entity of newspapers, radio, television and the Internet, play a very important role in national development. National development involves changes in a nation aimed at improving the political, economic and social lives of the people. In National development, the media particularly contributes in areas of democracy and good governance, political transparency, foreign policy and human rights. The real influence of the media in national development depends on the media itself, the societies in which it operates and the audience it reaches. None of these factors are the same everywhere, at all times, or under all conditions. The media in dictatorships, for example, are not likely to exercise the same influence as those in democratic societies. Even among similar types of government, other factors, such as technology, the target audience and the message, may influence the extent of media impact in the society. As the Fourth Estate, it provides checks and balances on the activities of the three arms of government; As agenda-setters, they influence the issues on public agenda; As gatekeepers, they decide what information gets to the public; As watchdog, they represent the interests of the people against powerful interests; And as for multipliers, they add to the combat effectiveness of military commanders. In military operations, on one hand the media is capable of building public opinion (e.g. Kargil); but it can also undermine public support by emotional coverage (e.g. Vietnam, Somalia). Information is power. Media can be used as a weapon against the enemy as a tool of propaganda, carrying out psychological operations for instigating public dissent against their government, dividing the enemy and countering enemy propaganda. If used prudently, media is indeed a Force Multiplier as it builds public opinion. In the words of Abraham Lincoln: Public opinion is everything. With it nothing can fail, without it nothing can succeed. Moreover, the more intense media coverage is on national disasters, the more relief materials and funds are made available by donors (e.g. India, Mozambique). In public health, media campaigns immensely contribute in the reduction of diseases, such as AIDS, SARS, leprosy and preventable children diseases (as demonstrated in Uganda, Thailand, India, Nepal and Brazil). Media strongly influences the direction of foreign policy (e.g. US policy on Bosnia and Somalia). In internal conflict situations, the media acts as an instrument of peace contributing to nation-building (e.g. post-Apartheid South Africa), but as potent force, in wrong hands, it is also capable of fuelling divisiveness and violence (e.g. Rwanda). How the media plays its role is a matter of critical importance. Where the media pursue the role in the face of professionalism, truth, fairness and justice, then the society immensely benefits, but where the media become selfish in pursuance of mainly profits and personal gains, then the society is at a disadvantage. For the media to play any meaningful role in national development, it must be free and independent. Free press is one of the built-in mechanisms in democracy, designed to oppose destructive and disruptive attitudes; the more the freedom of media in society, lesser the corruption. Secondly, control of the media by a few individuals, corporations or governments is inimical to the medias ability to effectively carry out their role. Thirdly, to succeed in their role, the media must be professional. Biased attitude, sensationalism, propaganda and distortions, negatively affect the contribution of the media in national development. Freedom of the media must therefore go along with responsibility. The newly unshackled Pakistani media lacks this sense of responsibility. Even the best of pro-people government policies are criticized and facts distorted for the sake of criticism. Pakistani press and electronic media are faced with shortage of professional reporting, inadequate resources, lack of investigative skills and modern technology. National Media, on the other hand, is used as a mouth piece by every sitting government. Indias go global mantra with more professional and material resources is having damaging impact on Pakistan. The perceived threat can be countered by improving the performance of our own media so that a balance could be created in the minds of the viewers. Projection of truth is essential to gain credibility so that the viewer does not feel the urge to seek it elsewhere. Moreover, the media must take cognizance of national security and the welfare of the people. Ownership of the media should be spread to avoid the monopoly of a few, powerful individuals, corporations or governments. Transmission of violent materials should be controlled to reduce negative influence on the society. The effect of media on national security decision-making is significant. There is no doubt of its influence and based on the information provided within this record, there can be no doubt of its power and effect on national security decision-making. It has emerged as a viable element of power. Modern technology has revolutionized the mass media especially the electronic media. While the improved communication and transportation systems accelerated the process of accessibility and verification of the stories for radio and press, the television made media-men sufficiently powerful to considerably influence the policy formation, campaign processes, issue developments etc. In third world countries the television enjoys much more power than in the developed countries. It has been continuously capturing attention and increasing the size of audience. Perhaps thats why it has become almost a rule in Third world countries to retain complete control over this aspect of mass media. The regional and global outreach of Pakistani media is negligible and is abysmally behind the media of our hostile neighbor, which continues to carry out its demonizing Pakistan propaganda. The Pakistani media has to face the challenged posed and take it as opportunity by revising its policies and updating its material and human resources to play a proactive role to project and promote Pakistan.

The Door Slammed Shut, Never to Be Opened Again

The Priest finished off his final words, I tried to savor them knowing that after today I wanted to forget it all; not because I didn’t care, it was quite the opposite actually! It’s just that I know it would be what she wanted. As much as I tried and begged she kept flooding my mind, it’s impossible to throw something like this over your shoulder and ignore the remnants of the past. The blackness of the day contrasted with the overwhelming sunshine and broken heat waves.It was all too much and now at least the worst part was over, I took my last and final glance to the beautiful hand carved woodwork, standard size, polished frame, finished with gold hinges and large metallic black buckles. The coffin stood. The walk back to the car was a rush of images and an overpowering sensation of memories driven into my mind like the intricate bodywork on the stunning 1996 Rolls Royce that was driven by my chauffer, I couldn’t think about anything else but that one a wful night. That one night that changed my life.Forever. The car ride wasn’t much better the same commotions pounding the walls of my weakened cranium. I placed my hands at either temple and continually pressed harder and harder until it was painful and the pictures in my head were drowning with the pressure of my unlawful grasp. I saw the chauffer glance once or twice back at me through his rear view mirror but that was not any where near a priority of mine. Innocent white blotches stained my face as blood slowly brought colour back to my facade.I grabbed the cold shiny metal handle and much too roughly pushed it down to me set me free, all my body leapt out unwillingly as the door swung wide open uncontrollably, releasing me into the pavements merciless lure. My head whipped the grey concrete slabs with an overwhelming impact that destroyed my senses and put me in a deep darkness. I awoke to find a spinning ceiling fun unstably rocking back and forth above my head. I closed my eyes hoping to dissolve back into the safe hands of arkness where all my worries were beautifully decapitated and I with everything else was nothing! But it was useless, once again she swamped my mind and my eyes watered. I see myself as a kid happy and safe, we both standing there as a team side-by-side. We were in Argentina and the beautiful Andes consumed most of my hazy image. She hugs me and I smile and laugh, in her eyes were untainted love and looking into them I felt that I wouldn’t ever be lonesome, she made my petty little worries disappear and if only she was here now.I would tell her how much I love her! My eyes opened and simultaneously a tear ran down the side of my face. I miss her and I can’t help but think about her. It feels like its been years since her loving eyes stared straight into mine. I kept telling myself that I have to resist and tire my mind, but the more I tried the more I thought of her. I slowly got off the couch and looked around, t his was the first time I’ve been back home since it happened. My partial-completed memory of the tragedy was over-whelming me; it was like I was spinning in a never-ending vortex.I took three steps into the kitchen and let out a cry, they hadn’t even cleaned up. I ran back and stopped at the foot of the staircase. I took my first step, step one; I was worried. She swamped my head I was just†¦ just†¦ I can’t but I needed to. I took it one step at a time and gradually I progressed up and up, until I reached the final step before the landing. And. I look around knowing that this last step will punish me, but I must†¦ but what if†¦ and I stopped myself knowing that no good can come of thinking too much. The memories were still tormenting my mind.I lift my trembling leg and placed it on the landing as if the floor was made out of paper I clenched the banister and lifted my other foot. I gave in and released my entire weight upon this drowsy missio n I set myself not knowing what good can possibly occur. I turned my body to the left and saw the door ajar. This is where she used to work peacefully in the next room, quietly and delicately, innocently and lovingly, she, and I. Side-by-side. I walked the length of the corridor. I couldn’t bring myself to do it. To go inside. I knew it would be difficult but.. ut.. No! This was not supposed to be. I can’t. I can’t do it. More pictures and short memories were free to roam around in my head. More tears flooded my face. I saw her beautiful face and I saw her†¦ I saw it all again†¦ exactly what I never wanted to see†¦ exactly what I was avoiding †¦ It was scarred into my head. I saw her innocent face lying in a pool of her own blood in the middle of the kitchen. The image tormented me and haunted me. I threw out my hand and grabbed the handle, I threw back my shoulder and†¦ The door slammed shut never to be opened again!

The Appeal of How to Write a Diagnostic Essay Samples

The Appeal of How to Write a Diagnostic Essay Samples The 5-Minute Rule for How to Write a Diagnostic Essay Samples Therefore, you will cope with this job. Simply take a while to find the major idea and just then you can begin writing. Clear explanation on, for example, the mental effort it took to accomplish the job, should be supplied. You only don't have time for producing strategy. The Unexposed Secret of How to Write a Diagnostic Essay Samples You've got to understand which type of an article you're going to work with, which means you can think of an appropriate tone and format of your upcoming essay. If writing is a necessity for you while you read, you can begin with an outline draft first where you mention the main points. Basically, it's possible to just restate your thesis statement and list your key points from the view of the information which you've already given. Write a 1 sentence overview of the article's most important idea. How to Write a Diagnostic Essa y Samples Help! There is a huge number of essay types. To attain effectiveness, your essay needs to have an excellent transitional flow. In fact, diagnostic essay isn't actually functioning like a regular research paper. Actually, a diagnostic essay is just one of the simplest assignments at a greater educational establishment. A captivating introduction and an obvious thesis are aspects which make a diagnostic assignment to be noticed. The ideal outline which is appropriate for the diagnostic essay is a standard five-paragraph structure. You just can't alter a structure, but the main goal of an outline is to help you understand what particular facets or facts you prefer to mention in your essay. The aim of the outline is to supply you with a blueprint' of the paper and effortless reference when writing. Anyway, you ought not only understand what's a diagnostic essay but also know the principal tips in writing. Your readers are motivated to keep on reading your essay because they are ready to understand its content. Next, you've got to rephrase the thesis statement and complete the essay with a sentence that encourages the reader to find out more about your topic. If you're anxious about the approaching writing of your diagnostic essay, you can get in touch with our essay service for the detailed advice. There's no research to conduct before writing this kind of essay. It's different from different essays since you aren't allocated enough time to research. Any superior essay should end with a highly effective conclusion. To start off, it's a superb notion to paraphrase the topic which you were given to write about. During the time you are reading the short article, you need to look for details that identify the subject of the report. The key to selecting an excellent topic for your psychology paper is quite easy. Pick a topic, decide on a timer and begin writing. Keep in mind that if you analyze your paper, your principal task is to make certain your audience understands the significant points without a lot of difficulty. The very first thing you ought to do before you get started writing your thesis statement is to write down an ea sy solution to the question. The introductory part of your work should begin with the reiteration of this issue or the response to the question that was given as your prompt. Only you're going to know the response to the issues you're going to be questioned. What is Actually Going on with How to Write a Diagnostic Essay Samples So if you're able to define diagnostic essay, then you've got 50% of succeeding. Answering the incorrect question won't help you showcase your abilities and will cause you to look to be an inattentive student. Congratulations, you're almost there. The Dirty Truth About How to Write a Diagnostic Essay Samples The writer should use his skills in the precise topic and keep the suitable structure of a diagnostic essay. Stressing out about the whole writing process is not going to assist you in any manner. Even the writing about you might be difficult. College essay writing service Question description To enhance your writing skills, first you've got to recognize areas that you should work on to be able to make yourself a better writer. The True Meaning of How to Write a Diagnostic Essay Samples It can help you to analyze research articles with greater professional competence and a higher degree of confidence. Mental disorders are patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms which have a strong effect on multiple regions of life. It may be required to provide a thorough explanation of why they believe that person has especially this disease or disorder. Nevertheless, it supplies a fine evaluation of your abilities.

The On The Mind Of The Minds And The People We Are Pushed...

In society we are pushed and shoved into a box. A box that some of of us cannot escape, despite the countless creative minds making and creating new and interesting things that seem to break this metaphorical box. For example, some of this can be credited to pressure of not only society, but of our peers and the people we look up too. Examples of this can be shown with the open-mindedness of a person, their limitations, and expectations. However, there is a term that has been broadcasted as something that people cannot break and tend to embrace, the term â€Å"Mob-Mentality† or â€Å"Herd-Mentality† is often recycled as something that involves more conscious thought than a â€Å"Herd-Behavior†. This category of mentality can be influenced by things such as, peer pressure as mentioned before, conformity, the need for acceptance and the desire for a sense of belonging. This could be seen through the pressure of adolescents to drink, smoke, sleep around or do things that they may not be normally comfortable with. The term â€Å"Mob-Mentality† can be used in a negative light that could influence someone to break a law or do something frowned upon because they saw someone committing a crime and thought they would feel less guilt because they were not the only party involved. Could this be deemed as a problem within the system? Or possibly a change in how we think and act as humans? The pressure to maintain creativity and diversity as a person can be felt by most but not by some, as in trying to beShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Chapter One Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1451 Words   |  6 Pagesperplexed at the same moment. I didn t take any chances though. So I pushed my brother out of the way and sprinted. Then I fell down the stairs. my idiotic brother tripped me. I yelled out some colorful words he yelled out some colorful words. That was that we were done. For now. When I got down I saw a box. My brother and I saw a box the size of a hippo. So I went and got a knife. When I started cutting the box my brother yelled don t cut what s inside it. When I had opened it IRead MoreThe South Of The American South1398 Words   |  6 Pagesof the confederacy are free. Even though free labor ended in 1863, the Southern culture of degrading and not accepting people of color continues in contemporary times. Racism, discrimination, violence against people of color in the south persists today. Recently, on June 17th, 2015, in downtown Charleston, South Carolina, at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal church, nine people were murdered by Dylann Roof. The church played a vital part in the history of South Carolina, especially in the era ofRead MoreThe Truth About Video Games1124 Words   |  5 Pagesgames have become more realistic in terms of violence. These games and systems have reached second in demand in the media industry following television (Rottenberg et al. 30). The human species is an inherently violent species in this generation. When we play video games for extended hours at a time, the game removes us from reality into a new dream world killing and fighting monsters, enemies, and villains. Most humans believe video games do not cause violence; however, drug addiction, murders, andRead MoreFrankenstein : A Short Story2001 Words   |  9 Pagesslid the locking bar across them. I cant believe this guy is a soldier, Arkady murmured. He drew a knife from his utility belt and sliced open the box. Just like he expected, smaller boxes and bags fell out across the floor of the shed. Arkady picked up a few bags and scanned them. Drugs... Francesca mused as she looked inside a smaller box. Made from all over. Arkady glanced at the man. 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Having hockey being used for an example, we will examine and look at the rules of the NHL, as well as how Todd Bertuzzi from theRead MoreWhat Is A Sccaffolder?2150 Words   |  9 Pagesthe last one to the gate, â€Å"This one was shot for being last. You should have killed him five minutes ago! You knew he was going to be the last one!† He points his pistol at the second person he shot. â€Å"This one was shot for being weak,† he shouts. â€Å"We can’t have weak workers!† Becker glared at the guards as he bellows out another order, â€Å"Now, back to your post!† He slides his pistol back into his holster. The remaining prisoners still standing in the courtyard are ordered back to their bunkhouses

Supply Chain Management - a Basf Case Study - 5417 Words

Journal of Supply Chain management and other Business issues BASF Case Study Ââ€" Challenges in Supply Chain Management Thomas Schuster, Daan Cramer, Niek Nigg, Bart van Gorp, Myrthe Jansen, Alla Lashmanova, under the supervision of Dr. Peter Bollen University College Maastricht Business Press, Universiteit Maastricht Zwingelput 4, 6220 MD Maastricht Abstract. This paper primarily discusses and analyzes theories and implications of supply chain management. A case study of the German chemical company BASF is going to illustrate main concerns regarding the topic of logistics and especially outlines the challenges and problems companies face when expanding in other geographical areas. BASF failed to realize the importance of an efficient†¦show more content†¦[5] The sixties of the last century brought a change in BASFs strategy. In this decade, production sites were progressively created or acquired abroad in order to increase market share and start an expansion abroad without investing enormous amount of financial resource as well as time. International relations were already established as early as in the beginning of the nineteenth century, however. At that time the company strongly extended its scope of manufacturing as well as marketing, and progressively created production facilities in certain geographical regions in order to focus on customer proximity. The main growth centers of this international approach were North America, Australia, and South-East Asia as the most important region. [1] 2.2 Company Structure Every product category at BASF is governed by a separate operating division such as Engineering plastics, industrial chemicals, coatings colorants, etc. Additional support is ascertained with functional division. These divisions handle accounting, finance, planning controlling tasks, human resources, and many other supplementary tasks. Later parts of this paper are especially going to focus on the logistical challenges, which were mostly apparent in the South Eastern Asian regions. Further, the expansions in various geographical regions lead to the creation of regional departments or regional divisions. In total, there are 14 subdivisions that handle individual group companies. The individual groupShow MoreRelatedScm in Petroleum Industry5215 Words   |  21 PagesLogistics Supply Chain Management. Vol. 1, No. 2, 1 November 2006, 90 – 97. Supply Chain Management in the Petroleum Industry: Challenges and Opportunities RAED HUSSAIN Department of Quantitative Methods Information Systems, Kuwait University, Kuwait TIRAVAT ASSAVAPOKEE Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Houston, Texas, U.S.A. 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Appointment with Love Free Essays

Appointment with Love This is a short romantic story about a young lieutenant Blandford and a lady, Hollis Meynell, who had fallen in love with each other. The author shows us the possibility of existence of a real strong relationships even through a great distance and the fact that two people can be very close to each other even having never seen one another. The young lieutenant Blandford served during the war time in the air forces , while once he run across some witty notes made by a woman in the book which he had taken from the army library . We will write a custom essay sample on Appointment with Love or any similar topic only for you Order Now He contacted her later and it so happened that she had had the power to reach inside of him through writing and renew his strength even from a far. They had been in touch, through writing, during thirteen month. This time the woman, who was 30, supported and inspired the lieutenant and they both trusted their true inner feelings to each other. At last the young people decided to meet ,personally, when the lieutenant was back from the Army, at the train station in New York city. They both agreed that Hollis would identify him through the book â€Å"Of Human Bondage† and Hollis, would wear a red rose in her suit lapel, because actually, they did not know how which one of them looked like. Now the young lieutenant was waiting for this woman in Grand Central Station and worried a lot. They knew about each other only from their own words. The first woman he saw was a beautiful lady, wearing a green suit but unfortunately, she had no red rose on her jacket, as it was in their agreement. Then he turned around and saw a middle aged and unattractive woman who had, to his disappointment and chagrin, a red rose in her jacket’s lapel. For the young lieutenant that was the moment of truth. A lot of thoughts and feelings had flown throughout his mind and his heart like a hurricane during that dreadful moment but at last he somehow managed to control himself and moved towards her. He decided that no matter what would become with their relationship to stay friends with that woman , thinking that if so, their good friendship, for that matter, could be more valuable than love. He approached and greeted the lady and then asked for permission to take her to dinner. But was pleased to hear that she is not the one he was waiting for. She told him that Hollis had asked her to be her substitute for a little while and to wear the rose in her suit lapel so that she could test whether Blanford’s feelings and intentions were really sincere. The main idea of the story is that if you love someone, you should love them for what they really are, and not for what they look like. How to cite Appointment with Love, Papers

Neuronal Synapse Example For Students

Neuronal Synapse neurons communicate with each other every single second, thats how it tell you to be careful not to fall or light on your eyes, to close them Action potential travels down an axon The space between the pre- and post synaptic cleft are called SYNAPSE You can also find NT in there glutamate: excitatory (Na+) gaba: inhibitory (Cl-) dopamin, histamin (allergies), serotonin, and adrenaline ( stress) what are some NT? Neuromuscular Junction axon terminal contacting the cell, gap contained, it released molecules at the synapse that passes to the membrane of the target cells Chemical synapse has a gap the cells are physically connected, they are connected to the cell membrane. the axon terminal specifically bind the target cells: Inside of neuron talks with the inside of the cell. Cytoplasm of the two connected. ions directly connected. Electrical synapse has no gap chemical synapse The most common form of the synapse in human would be the pre synaptic vs. post synaptic when calcium enters from the outside, this cause the membrane to diffuse with the and exit all of the NT that it contains: Neurotransmitter release NT are molecules that communicate information between neuron and its target cells. There are 100s of neurotransmitters Types of NT amino group and carboxylic group, peptide NTs. Peptides are chains of amino acids, bunch of them together and we called them peptides. * glutamate (+), GABA (-), Glycine NT amino acids these are biogenetic amines, mono amines are organic molecules, connected to an aromatic group and the amino group connected by carbon chains. catecarlamines, (sub group of amino, which has a benzene, had hydroxy amine) * serotonin, histamine, (dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine: catecholamine) conciseness, cognition, thinking, emotions, many disorder has to do with monoamines! (Opioids: endorphine, has to do with pain receptors. NT monoamines NT peptides ACTH: central nervous system, peripheral NS, motor neurons synapse at the skeletal muscles. other molecular NT: Amino acids, monoamines, peptides and other NTs. Dendrites: excitatory Cell body: inhibitory terminal: excitatory/ inhibitory NT could be excitatory or inhibitory: metabotropic vs. inotropic inotropic, ligand gated ion channel : Cl-, Ca++, Na+, K+ > depolarization metabotropic: secondary messenger neuron -change the activity of protein + genes -affect is larger! The interaction of metabotropic vs. inotropic 1) Diffusion, slowing up the action potential 2) Enzymes: synapse break down the NT into compartments 3) Re-uptake pump, actively removes the NT from the synapse 4) Astrocytes: CNS, absorbs NT inside ALL this TURNs it ON/ OFF How to remove NT from a synapse How the nervous system changes in response to experiance Neuroplasticity changes in synapses and other parts of the neuron Neuroplasticity potentiation, parts mostly used strength of information can increases and it is called depression, parts used rarely strength of information can decrease and it is called when it happens at the level of synapse, or at level of enter cell: structural synaptic Neuroplasticity Look at it careful, it is used most of often today potentiation vs. depression Neuroplasticity C Which term describes the space between a neuron and its target cell? Please choose from one of the following options. Axon terminal Post synaptic membrane Synaptic cleft Dendritic spine Both chemical and electrical synapses relay information through similar mechanisms. Which of the following statements does not accurately describe synapses? Voltage-gated calcium channels What channel plays a role in the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft? Action potentials ultimately result in more calcium leaving the target cell at the post synaptic membrane. Which of the following statements about action potentials and information transmission in the synaptic cleft is false? Gamma-aminobutyric acid What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? Histamine Which neurotransmitter is not classified as a catecholamine? Please choose from one of the following options. Epinephrine Norepinephrine Histamine Dopamine Metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors move more slowly than ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors. There are two main types of neurotransmitter receptors. Which of the following statements about receptors accurately describes how they function? Enzymatic deactivation How is acetylcholine removed from the postsynaptic membrane? Structural depression Which of the following terms describes the type of plasticity that occurs when entire neurons are lost due to decreased activity? Serotonin One specific type of antidepressant medication works by blocking the removal of neurotransmitters. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely the target of the antidepressant medication? temporal vs. spatial summation Everything about summation everything about summation Graded potential vs. Action Potential The neuron resting potential maintain -60 mV The outside: negative The inside: positive The electrical: each membrane attracted to the OPP charge The chemical force: The concentration gradient, diffusion force. Electrical vs. chemical gradient Look how the ions gets in in out of the cell: How neurons created and why they decay over time jumps from node to node Saltatory conduction How the action potential takes place across an axon because the membrane is in refractory period. AP goes only in one direction, why? Learn how action potential working and, leak channels and voltage gated. it makes it faster less resistance more conduction more ions flow and inc A.P How does myelination changes action potential? larger vs. smaller axon Action Potential Patterns: temporal response pattern amount of NT release. D Which of the following is the correct definition of a cation? Please choose from one of the following options. A cation is a negatively charged ion. A cation is an ion that can have a positive or negative charge. A cation is an ion that cannot have a charge. A cation is a positively charged ion. A Which term describes the cell membrane potential of a neuron at rest? Please choose from one of the following options. Polarized Hyperpolarized Repolarized Depolarized B How are potassium ions typically moved out of a neuron when the membrane is at rest? Please choose from one of the following options. Electrical gradients move potassium ions out of the cell. Concentration gradients move potassium ions out of the cell. Potassium ions are stable and do not move when a membrane is at rest. The sodium-potassium pump moves potassium ions out of the cell. A Action potentials are characterized by which of the following? Please choose from one of the following options. Rapid depolarization Repolarization Slightly negative polarization Depolarization or hyperpolarization C Absolute and relative refractory periods are important aspects of which of the following? Please choose from one of the following options. Graded potentials Equilibrium potentials Action potentials Resting potentials B Which of the following statements is false? Please choose from one of the following options. Refractory periods are not associated with graded potentials, but are associated with action potentials. Graded potentials are always hyperpolarizing, whereas action potentials are always depolarizing. Graded potentials are always decremental, whereas action potentials are always non-decremental. Graded potentials are proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, whereas action potentials are all-or-none. B Which statement describes the membrane potential at the peak of an action potential? Please choose from one of the following options. The membrane potential is much more positive than the Na+ equilibrium potential. The membrane potential is slightly less positive than the Na+ equilibrium potential. The membrane potential is slightly more positive than the Na+ equilibrium potential. The membrane potential is the same as the Na+ equilibrium potential. C How would action potentials be affected in a myelinated axon if nodes are far apart? Please choose from one of the following options. Action potentials would not be affected Action potentials might travel more slowly Action potentials might stop Action potentials might travel more quickly C Which of the following neuronal processes transmits an action potential? Please choose from one of the following options. Dendrite Soma Axon Glia C Saltatory conduction refers to which of the following? Please choose from one of the following options. The conduction of a graded potential along a demyelinated axon. The conduction of a graded potential along a myelinated axon. The conduction of an action potential along a myelinated axon. The conduction of an action potential along a demyelinated axon. B The resting potential for a particular neuron is measured to be -60 mV. Which of the following distributions of ions could not produce this measurement? Please choose from one of the following options. More cations than anions on both sides of the cell membrane More anions than cations on the outside of the membrane, more cations than anions on the inside of the membrane More cations than anions on the outside of the membrane, more anions than cations on the inside of the membrane More anions than cations on both sides of the cell membrane A In the resting state, which of the following mineral ions is found in greatest concentration inside a neuron? Please choose from one of the following options. Potassium cation Chloride anion Calcium cation Sodium cation A In the resting state, which of the following mineral ions has an electrical force vector pointing out of the neuron? Please choose from one of the following options. Chloride anion Calcium cation Sodium cation Potassium cation D Researchers use genetic engineering techniques to culture neuronal cells with sodium-potassium pumps that, for each molecule of ATP, transport 2 sodium cations for every 3 potassium cations; assuming that all other aspects are held equal, which of the following would be most affected by this change, as compared to what happens in a normal neuronal cell? Please choose from one of the following options. The diffusion force on potassium cations would be smaller and in the opposite direction The diffusion force on potassium cations would be larger and in the opposite direction The diffusion force on potassium cations would be smaller and in the same direction The diffusion force on potassium cations would be larger and in the same direction D What is the primary difference in graded potentials versus actions potentials? Please choose from one of the following options. Graded potentials do not involve transient production of charged molecules inside the neuron, while action potentials involve the flow of charged molecules across the neuron membrane Graded potentials occur in axons, while action potentials occur in the dendrites and soma Graded potentials occur in neurons of the peripheral nervous system, while actions potentials occur in neurons of the central nervous system Action potentials occur in axons, while graded potentials occur in the dendrites and soma C D Nematodes are small worm-like animals with roughly 300 neurons. Imagine that a mutation is introduced into a population of nematodes that down-regulates the production of Schwann cells. Which of the following phenotypes would you predict to have a selective advantage in the population? Please choose from one of the following options. Nematodes with larger soma Nematodes with smaller diameter axons Nematodes with longer axons Nematodes with shorter axons C Where are voltage-gated sodium channels found in greatest concentration? Please choose from one of the following options. In the axon terminals In the nodes of Ranvier In the trigger zones In the dendrites B Reduced permeability of potassium leak channels would affect which of the following aspects of action potentials in a neuron? Please choose from one of the following options. The activation threshold The time to reach maximum repolarization The time to reach maximum depolarization The size of the depolarization wave A Which of the following neurons is least likely to exist in nature? Please choose from one of the following options. A neuron that fires action potentials to a certain maximum amplitude, and increases this amplitude when it receives excitatory inputs A neuron that fires action potentials at a steady state, and decreases this rate when it receives inhibitory inputs A neuron that does not fire action potentials until stimulated by an excitatory input A neuron that fires action potentials at a steady rate, and increases this rate when it receives excitatory inputs * Neurons * Glial cells Neural cells * Brain * Spinal Cord CNS made all of nerves PNS Neural tube=CNS Neural Crest=PNS neuro tube vs. neuro crest glial cells (support cells) Neurons ( send message) some has nucleus * some axons short others longer * Some axons has more branches than others. Look careful large axons gets covered by myeline, Deep sleep allows the body an escape from time Essaytake a careful look at the image! The neurons stem cells> neuroblast>unipolar neuron. Types of neurons * Unipolar neuron * Bipolar Neuron * Multipolar Neuron (in adult) * Pseudo unipolar Neuron process and transmit information. summation of all neurons gets added at the axon hillock. what are the function of neurons: summation of the excitatory and inhibitory neurons as graded potential. AP is conducted the entire length of an axon, no matter how long it is NT bind to the receptors on the target cells: central summation turned into temporal summation what are the function type of neurons Astrocytes to protect the cells, they are end feet at the end of astrocyte processes 1) Astrocytes form scaffold if injury in the brain or spinal cord, it will try to cover the cavity, they grow longer processes from a longer tissue. Scaffolding the CNS and structural support for the injury and the cavity. 2) Astrocytes scar releases lactate and neurons little nutrient depends on the oxygen and glucose, neurons uses lactate if no glucose or oxygen. 3) Astrocytes Homeostasis Astrocytes prevents molecules to pass from the into the blood vessel to the entering the brain. 4) Astrocytes Blood Brain Barrier synapse connection, btw neurons and clearing the molecule communication. Astrocytes hard working cells of CNS. 5) Astrocytes clear synapse 1) Reactive O species kill cell like bacteria 2) phagocytosis the microglial cells acts like an immune system in the CNS, they find inflammation, it gets activated, and it kills the bacteria or whatever causing the inflammation. *simple epithelial cuboidal cells * capillaries IF=fluid between cells * cilli and microvilli The central fluid is called the central spinal fluid. The ependymal cells are covering the cells, 1) Barrier between cells form 2) Participate in secreting CSF what are the two things formed by the ependymal cells? It can militant multiple axons, myelin made of lipid, fat. Rubber coating insulation. Oligodendrocytes they only militate a single segment of the axon, provides support for the peripheral cells glial of the PNS, schwan cells (shapeless cells) oligodendrocytes vs. schwan cells D GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Which part of the cell does it interact with? Please choose from one of the following options. Myelin sheath Soma Axon Dendrites C Guillain-Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disease which attack gangliosides, which are molecules found on the outside of a cell. Patients with this disease have a nerve conduction block which is often caused by a slowed conduction potential and can lead to paralysis. Which type of cell is attacked? Please choose from one of the following options. Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Neurons C What is the most common cell type in the brain? Please choose from one of the following options. Oligodendrocyte Ependymal cell Astrocyte Neuron C The choroid plexus is a structure made of capillaries and modified neural cells that produces the fluid that cushions the central nervous system. What types of cells are found in the choroid plexus? Please choose from one of the following options. Oligodendrocytes Neurons Ependymal cells Astrocytes D The microglia arise from which embryonic layer? Please choose from one of the following options. Ectoderm Endoderm Neural crest Mesoderm D A increased number of microglia would indicate which of the following? Please choose from one of the following options. Multiple sclerosis Subdural hematoma Peripheral nerve damage Bacterial meningitis A The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) lies just outside the interface between the central and peripheral nervous systems, and holds the cell bodies for those neurons that transmit signals between the two. What type of neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglion? Please choose from one of the following options. Pseudounipolar Monopolar Multipolar Bipolar B Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes? Please choose from one of the following options. Structural support Interstitial fluid monitoring for pathogens Barrier protection Hypoxia buffering C A local nerve block is a technique which shuts off afferent receptors in the target area. What is its effect? Please choose from one of the following options. Temporary paralysis Slows heart rate Anesthetic Anti-tetanus central=brain and spinal cord peripheral=the rest. The structure of the Nervous System (central and peripheral) cerebrum cerebral hemisphere * top: med brain * middle: ponds * bottom: medulla brain stem cerebellum Prosencephalon: it cerebrem forebrain Mesencephalon : midbrain Midbrain Rhambincephalon : pons, medulla and cerebellum Hindbrain spinal cord CNS 1) nerves carry axons of neurons 2) ganglia ( lumps attached to the nerve they contain the somas of the neurons) PNS contains two types of structures Afferent neurons carry info into the CNS Efferent neurons-carry info out into the PNS There are a lot of nerves going all over the body PNS information carries comes out of the brain Cranial nerves 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves spinal nerve roots afferent and efferent, all nerves keep branching, proximal part of nerves: they branch and eventually becomes microscopic. mix nerves cranial nerves pass the skull out in the periphery patterns of abnormal function. Syndromes are what? 1) Basic Functions (made of CNS+ PNS) 2) Higher Functions functions of the nervous system is divided into two sections: the cranial nerves perform the basic function of cranial nerves while the spinal cord performs the function of the spinal region basic function 1) Motor (skeletal muscle control) provides movement, posture and tone. End result of contraction 2) Sensory functions: anything that the nervous system can detect. (vision, hearing, smell, teste, vestibular sense, somato sensation) 3) Automatic no concious involvement, reflex is an example. control of body system Basic functions of the CNS divided into 3 sections: cognition: (thinking, learning, memory, language, executive) emotions: feelings, experiance of life consciousness: awareness of being a person and controlling ones action. Higher part of the function is performed by parts of the brain: 3 categories, Everything all together LMN (efferent) carrying information away from the CNS control the skeletal muscles motor unit: one lower motor unit this motor neurons contacting two skeletal muscle cells, they are the other part of the motor unit. The motor unit made of couple parts: because when it contracts it causes all of the unit in the skeletal muscle to contract: the space b/w the muscle cells and the LMN is called a neuromuscular junction. All the cells are activated at the same time. why it is called a motor unit? the brain and spinal cord (skeletal muscles) The lower motor neurons in the cranial controls controls everywhere else. These muscles has small motor units, they are synapsing on the small muscles. Big muscles in the thigh, they have large motor units. The motor unit of the spinal cord 1) weakness, loss of contraction of skeletal muscle. what happens if any kind of abnormality in the motor unit? 1) weakness and LMN signs, Atrophy of skeletal muscle-decreases bulk of skeletal muscle, size is decreased. Thee muscles shrivel up 2) Fasciculations: twitch of skeletal muscle, involuntary, little twitch of the muscle happens. Lots of twitching happening 3) Hypotonia: a decreases in the tone of skeletal muscle, it refers to how muscle contracting, not as much tone. 3) Hyporeflexia=decrease muscle stretch reflexes, reflex happens if you rapidly strech. Abnormality in the LMN it provides problems in the areas of the body If the LMN doesnt provide constant stimulation to the skeletal muscle then the senses of the body, * postion sense ( moving arm, you know it) * vibration sense (turning fork) * touch * Pain * temperature what are somatosensation respond to physical forces: mechanoreceptors * postion * vibration * Touch what are some of the somatosensory receptors? * postion * vibration * Touch nociceptors 1) experiance of pain What are some of the somator receptors for pain? Thermoreceptors what are some of the somatorsensory receptors of temp? In the skin, there are number of axons entering the skins, mechanoreceptors: they tend to have structure on the end of the axon, close to the surface of the skin. You can also find them in the deep tissue, they magnify one large in muscle. Relative position and body parts. where these somatosensory receptors mostly found? Temperature and pain moves slow Position, vibration, Touch moves fast Reflex response to a stimulus that doesnt require a point of consciousness Reflex =afferent part (bring information about stimulus into the CNS) Efferent=carries information away from the CNS causes response to a periphery. Muscle stretch reflex: the nervous system forms many kind of reflexes if a skeletal muscle is rapidly contracting, as a protective response from being stretched rapidly. One of the good reflexes is called the muscle stretch reflex the doc is heating in the tendon, hooks the muscle and bone, the renden stretches the large group of muscle, it stretches it and rapidly this happens, muscle stretch happens, it spread out. Muscle spindles, special fiber, neuron axon. stretch the fibers to bring it back to the CNS Leg kick out to the stimulus the rubber hammer Everything you must know about reflexes Autonomic Nervous System Gray matter vs. white matter Everything you need to know on UMP One side gets injured effects the other side of the body Cerebellum coordinating movement Brain steam subcortical cerebrum Cerebral cortex lession studyies and exeprimental ablation Lession studies and experimetal It doesnt tell us what areas of the brain is active at a given time. Different way to see the structure of a Brain 1) CT scan uses radio waves and atoms of the brain line up, disturbs the atoms of the brains , cant tell us the brain function Different way to see the structure of a Brain 1) MRI it gives wave lines, tells is person is awake or sleep. Different ways to see the function of the brain EEG requires more for room set up, Different ways to see the function of the brain MEG Different ways to see the structure/function of the brain FMRI inject brain with glucose to see the structures better. Different ways to see the structure/function of the brain PSCAN D Which of the following structures is a part of the rhombencephalon? Please choose from one of the following options. Temporal lobe Thalamus Substantia nigra Medulla D Which of the following accurately describes the direction of an impulse moving through a neuron that carries information to the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? Please choose from one of the following options. An efferent neuron, impulse moving distally. An afferent neuron, impulse moving distally. An efferent neuron, impulse moving proximally. An afferent neuron, impulse moving proximally. C Which of the following is an example of a basic nervous system function? Please choose from one of the following options. Learning English as a second language Feeling afraid of the dark Sweating during a yoga class Remembering a painful experience C Sympathetic nervous system activation constricts arteries found within the salivary glands. Which of the following statements correctly describes the activation of autonomic nervous system function within the circulatory system? C B A 55-year old woman is diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and reports symptoms of general weakness, muscle atrophy, and muscle twitching. What type of nervous system dysfunction is she likely experiencing? Please choose from one of the following options. Upper motor neuron dysfunction Lower motor neuron dysfunction Axon degeneration Demyelination C If an individual were to sustain a significant injury to their right cerebral hemisphere, where might somatosensory loss of functioning occur? Please choose from one of the following options. Both sides of the body Right side of the body Left side of the body There is no evidence that loss of functioning would occur. C A veteran is admitted to the hospital after sustaining a traumatic brain injury. A magnetic resonance image (MRI) shows significant damage to the veterans cerebellum. The damage would result in difficulty with which of the following functions? Please choose from one of the following options. Sensation of pain Regulation of temperature Coordination of movement Regulation of emotion D A researcher is interested in learning more about individual perceptions of pain and develops a trial where participants experience electric shocks. He applies a low grade electric shock to a participants right hand. Where would this information typically be processed by the participants brain? Please choose from one of the following options. Pain sensation is not processed by cerebral cortex Both sides of the cerebral cortex Right side of the cerebral cortex Left side of the cerebral cortex B Which of the following areas of the brain is not involved in the diffuse cortical projection of dopamine? Please choose from one of the following options. Hypothalamus Raphe nuclei Substantia nigra Ventral tegmentum D Jenny receives a golden retriever puppy for her birthday. She picks up the puppy and is surprised at how soft and fluffy the puppys fur feels. What lobe of Jennys cerebral cortex first processes the information about the feel of the puppys fur? Please choose from one of the following options. Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Parietal lobe